OS Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1212 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category Programming Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? OS ASSIGNMENT-1 Q1. In a multiprogramming and time-sharing environment, several users share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various security problems. a. What are two such problems? b. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time-shared machine as in a dedicated machine? Explain your answer? Ans1: (a) Stealing or copying a users files; writing over another programs (belonging to another user or to the OS) area in memory; using system resources (CPU, disk space) without proper accounting; causing the printer to mix output by sending data while some other users file is printing. (b) Probably we cannot assure the same degree of security in a time shared machine as in a dedicated machine, since any protection scheme devised by a human can also be broken and the more complex the scheme is, the more difficult it is to be confident of its correct implementation. Q2. Which of the functionalities listed below need to be supported by the operating sys tem for the following two settings: (a) handheld devices and (b) real-time systems? a. Batch programming b. Virtual memory c. Time sharing Ans2: For hand held systems, the operating system needs to provide virtual memory, but does not need to provide time-sharing. For real-time systems, the operating system needs to support virtual memory and time sharing in a fair manner. Batch programming is not necessary in both settings. Q3. Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. What are three advantages and one disadvantage of multiprocessor systems? Ans3: Symmetric processing  treats all processors as equals; I/O can be processed on any of them. Asymmetric processing  designates one CPU as the master, which is the only one capable of performing I/O; the master distributes computational work among the other CPUs. Advantages |Disadvantage | |Multiprocessor systems can save money, by sharing power supplies, |Multiprocessor systems are more complex in bo th hardware and | |housings, and peipherals. |software. | |Can execute programs more quickly. |Additional CPU cycles are required to manage the cooperation, so | | |per-CPU efficiency goes down. | |Can have increased reliability. | | Q4. How do clustered systems differ from multiprocessor systems? What is required for two machines belonging to a cluster to cooperate to provide a highly available service? Ans4: |Clustered Systems |Multiprocessor Systems | |Clustered systems are typically constructed by combining multiple |Multiprocessor systems on the other hand could be a single | |computers into a single system to perform a computational task |physical entity comprising of multiple CPUs. | |distributed across the cluster. | | |It is less tightly coupled. It is tightly coupled. | |Clustered systems communicate using messages. |While processors in a multiprocessor system could communicate | | |using shared memory | | | | Q5: Define the essential properties of the following types o f operating systems: a. Batch b. Interactive c. Time sharing d. Real time e. Network f. Parallel g. Distributed h. Clustered i. Handheld Ans5: a. Batch. Jobs with similar needs are batched together and run through the computer as a group by an operator or automatic job sequencer. Performance is increased by attempting to keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times through buffering, off-line operation, spooling, and multiprogramming. Batch is good for executing large jobs that need little interaction; it can be submitted and picked up later. b. Interactive. This system is composed of many short transactions where the results of the next transaction may be unpredictable. Response time needs to be short (seconds) since the user submits and waits for the result. c. Time sharing. This systems uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide economical interactive use of a system. The CPU switches rapidly from one user to another. Instead of having a job defined by spooled card i mages, each program reads its next control card from the terminal, and output is normally printed immediately to the screen. d. Real time. Often used in a dedicated application, this system reads information from sensors and must respond within a fixed amount of time to ensure correct performance. . Network. Provides operating system features across a network such as file sharing. f. SMP. Used in systems where there are multiple CPU’s each running the same copy of the operating system. Communication takes place across the system bus. g. Distributed. This system distributes computation among several physical processors. The processors do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own local memory. They communicate with each other through various communication lines, such as a high-speed bus or local area network. h. Clustered. A clustered system combines multiple computers into a single system to perform computational task distributed across the cluster. i . Handheld. A small computer system that performs simple tasks such as calendars, email, and web browsing. Handheld systems differ from traditional desktop systems with smaller memory and display screens and slower processors. Q6. List ? ve services provided by an operating system that are designed to make it more convenient for users to use the computer system. In what cases it would be impossible for user-level programs to provide these services? Explain Ans6: a. Program execution. The operating system loads the contents (or sections) of a file into memory and begins its execution. A user level program could not be trusted to properly allocate CPU time. b. I/O operations. Disks, tapes, serial lines, and other devices must be communicated with at a very low level. The user need only specify the device and the operation to perform on it, while the system converts that request into device- or controller-specific Commands. User-level programs cannot be trusted to access only device s they should have access to and to access them only when they are otherwise unused. . File-system manipulation. There are many details in file creation, deletion, allocation, and naming that user should not have to perform. Blocks of disk space are used by files and must be tracked. Deleting a file requires removing the name file information and freeing the allocated blocks. Protections must also be checked to assure proper file access. User programs could neither ensure adherence to protection methods nor be trusted to allocate only free blocks and reallocate blocks on file deletion. d. Communications. Message passing between systems requires messages to be turned into packets of information, sent to the network controller, transmitted across a communications medium, and reassembled by the destination system. Packet ordering and data correction must take place. Again, user programs might not coordinate access to the network device, or they might receive packets destined for oth er processes. e. Error detection. Error detection occurs at both the hardware and software levels. At the hardware level, all data transfers must be inspected to ensure that data have not been corrupted in transit. All data on media must be checked to be sure they have not changed since they were written to the media. At the software level, media must be checked for data consistency; for instance, whether the number of allocated and unallocated blocks of storage matches the total number on the device. There, errors are frequently process-independent (for instance, the corruption of data on a disk), so there must be a global program (the operating system) that handles all types of errors. Also, by having errors processed by the operating system, processes need not contain code to catch and correct all the errors possible on a system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "OS Assignment" essay for you Create order

Examples Of File Review - 868 Words

After my transfer to the Forensic Identification unit (FIU) in 2015, I completed a comprehensive file review of the previous year FIU files to ensure all files were complete and done in accordance with best practice. I reviewed case outcomes to determine if FIU members were allocating time and resources effective and I discovered numerous cases where suspects were identified but no follow up being conducted by the lead investigator. I examined potential causes and found many files were concluded and/or closed prior to FIU completing work. I followed up and contacted each lead investigator, sergeant or district staff sergeant to advise of the required file work and worked collaboratively with FIU personnel to ensure files were properly†¦show more content†¦I recognized contamination of any exhibit handled by the FIU is a major issue to all investigations, and could create court issues concerning FIU training, policy and procedure, as well as member credibility when testifying in court. I immediately investigated the causes of potential DNA exhibit contamination in relation to the collection, processing and retention of evidence. I worked collaboratively with subject matter experts to review all reports, processes, training, products and facilities to ensure best practice and supplies were being utilized, and if not, to make necessary improvements. I found deficiencies in written directives, members not following training, and issues with our processing center lay out design and access, which required immediate improvement. Directives and procedure were researched and updated to reflect best practices. I communicated the information to FIU unit members orally at scheduled meetings and in writing, to achieve buy in for the changes. I recognized the financial impacts in making the needed physical changes to the processing center. I consulted with vendors and building services, researched costs, and prepared a proposal including a detailed budget for all changes to the Inspector, recommending that alterations to the FIU processing area were necessary to reduce contamination issues. The proposal and costing estimatesShow MoreRelatedBig Data Management Analytics And Management Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesuse the put or copyFromLocal HDFS shell command to copy those files into your HDFS directory. In class there will be brief demo/ discussion about that. Dataset Description. The dataset comprises of a single csv file data.csv that contains 3 types of entities namely users, businesses and reviews. Records for each entity are distinguished by the type column. The type column determines the type of entity a row represents. 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Decision Making Free Essays

Decision-Making Decision-Making Decision-making introduction Excellent decision-making is an essential tool used for management and leadership within an organization. It is important that an organization learns to make appropriate and well-considered decisions; in return the manager will lead the team to spectacular and well deserved success. However, poor decisions made can lead to failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Decision-making is essential to organizations across the globe, especially the health care. When decisions are made in the healthcare effective communication tools are essential for success. Decision-making is a crucial element within the healthcare. This paper will analyze and discuss a rational decision-making process that would be appropriate for a healthcare organization, along with providing quality and risk management tools that will assist the healthcare leaders. Healthcare decision-making According to BusinessDictionary. com decision-making is defined as, â€Å"The thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options. When trying to make a good decision, a person must weigh the positives and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives† (BusinessDictionarty. com, 2012). Decision-making is key to a successful healthcare organization. According to David H. Hickam decision aids are, â€Å"tools that help individuals become involved in decision-making by providing information about the options, outcomes, and by clarifying personal values† (Hickam, 2010, p699/para1). Effective management decision- making takes on the responsibly in a chaotic and difficult healthcare environment. These daily but important decisions facility members make can be life or death for their patients. That is why it is important for healthcare leaders to take on the responsibility of developing quality and risk management tools that suit their organization. These tools and strategies ensure that facility members develop an excellent decision-making skill that allows the healthcare to runs effectively. A great example of decision-making process within the healthcare would be SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis plays an important role within the success of a healthcare organization. It helps healthcare facilities identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the organization (MarketingTeacher. com, 2012. These tools help specific and critical thinking to improve objectives and strategy planning. Healthcare quality management tools When running a smooth and successful healthcare organization quality management tools are an important aspect when dealing with decision-making. One tool in particular that helps decision-making would be flowcharts. When the healthcare uses SWOT analysis flowcharts are a visual aid that represents graphical and/or maps. A flowchart allows the organization to see their improvements and/or failures. For example flowcharts could represent the amount of money the organization spent within the past six months. This allows the facility to be involved and aware of their expenses. It also helps organize, solve problems, or miscommunication, and determine if it is logical. This will help bring light redundancies, cut meet deadlines, delays, and indirect pathways. Healthcare risk management tools On the other hand, risk management tools play an important role in the process of decision-making as well. One tool essential in the process of decision-making is risk analysis because analysis in risk management is used to evaluate the incidents. When the healthcare uses SWOT analysis it helps identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization to help keep the organization successful. When evaluating incidents within healthcare organizations facility members can convert back to their SWOT analysis, by evaluating the situation members can determine whether it is a weaknesses or threat to the organization. Risk analysis is based on a structured approach to thinking though threats, which than is followed by an evaluation of the possibility and cost of events that have occurred (Mind Tool, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, decision-making is an important aspect in healthcare organization. SWOT analysis plays a key role in decision-making as well. It allows the healthcare facilities to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity, and threats within the organization. There are also many quality and risk management tools that help the SWOT analysis and decision-making process run smoothly and successful. Reference BusinessDictionary. com. (2012). Decision Making. Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/decision-making. html MarketingTeacher. com. (2012). Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) Retrieved from http://marketingteacher. com/lesson-store/lesson-swot. html   Mind Tools. (2012). Risk analysis. Retrieved from http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_07. htm Hickam, D. H. (2010). Medical Decision Making. Decision Aids: Evolving From Novelties to Effective Communication Tools. Retrieved from http://mdm. sagepub. com/content/30/6/699. full. pdf+html How to cite Decision Making, Papers Decision Making Free Essays Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization This case study deals with leadership, decision making, and effective communication. Also, how important it is for a President and the staff to work together in a team to solve a problem. Not every decision is the correct resolution, but there are better decisions made when there is a group effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now This discussion will be completed through an analysis of the case study on decision making based on Mission and Vision of an Organization. This discussion will determine the best decision making method, the final decision by the President, and how the decision will be communicated to the staff and the public. Community Medical Center is a medical facility dedicated to providing quality patient care with unrelenting attention to clinical excellence, patient safety and an unparalleled passion and commitment to assure the very best healthcare for those we serve. The decision for the President to decide about the case of an operating room nurse, who may have HIV/AIDS, would definitely be a difficult decision. The President needs to provide a news release in 24 hours, and this will put more pressure on making a quick resolution. This would be a difficult task and there is not much time to make a decision. The best solution would be to review the mission statement that the President has utilized, and review the decision making models that will help influence the best decision. Also, a meeting would need to take place with the staff to help decide the best way in figuring out a solution in 24 hours. The decision making models that will help the President in this situation are the Willful Choice Decision-Making Model and the Garbage Can Model. These models will help identify the issue and determine potential solutions. The Willful Choice Decision-Making Model is the first recommendation to help the President and the staff in determining the best solution. According to Johnson (2009) here are the six steps of the willful choice model. 1. Identify the problem 2. Collect data 3. List all possible solutions 4. Text possible solutions 5. Select the best course of action . Implement the solution based on the decision made (Johnson, 2009, p. 215). This is a very systematic approach that can help the President focus on the key issues in the decision making process. The problem is the nurse who contracted HIV/AIDS and how the hospital is at risk of losing the staff, and patients who will be transported to Community Medical Center’s local rival hospital. The President could gather t he data and determine the outcome from each solution. The options are to remove the nurse from his position by relocating the employee to a non-patient area. Although, the nurse refused this offer and wants to continue working the same position. This appears to be an acceptable offer and the employee would continue working and receiving the same pay. The President and the staff would need to select the best course of action, and implement the solution within 24 hours. Another problem is the concern of national media exposure by a main local newspaper. This would cause a major concern by patients and families and hurt the strong reputation of the hospital and the quality of the medical care (Johnson, 2009). The President and the staff have a dilemma where it appears that either option will affect the hospital, staff, and patients. In addition, there is only 24 hours to come up with a decision. Next, the members of the organization need to determine the best course of action, and to implement the best solution. There are four basic principles that are made by choice. They are unambiguous, probability and knowledge of consequences, a rational and consistent priority system for alternative ordering, and heuristics or decision rules to choose an alternative (Johnson, 2009, p. 15). The President and the staff need to look at what the consequences will be for each scenario. They can make a decision by analyzing both situations and determine the probability for each consequence. The President needs to communicate effectively with the staff and this individual needs to be an active listener when deciding how to resolve this problem. The team needs to be able to voice their opinion, and everyone needs to agree with their final decision. If the President needs to provide a news release, He would need to have the ability to communicate effectively. The team needs to do crisis communication planning before the crisis occurs, and be prepared to deal with the world reporting on this crisis (Anonymous, 2010). The decision will be a collectivistic assumption. Since, the decision will be made by a group, and everyone in the staff will have a chance to voice their opinion (Johnson, 2009). The objective is a group consensus, and each person has the ability to communicate and make a difference in the organization. Teams that have more functional interaction, such as problem-solving interaction and action planning, were significantly more satisfied with their meetings (Kauffeld, Lehmann-Willenbrock, 2012). The President is not making the decision alone, and a team that has the ability to problem solve will make better choices. The decision made by the President is based on what the team has expressed, and the resolution would not cause any layoffs. The hospital has a great reputation providing quality care to the patients, and they want to continue providing the same service, and the hospital does not want to lose millions of dollars. The President and the members have decided to continue with the offer by relocating the nurse to a non-patient area. The employee would still have a position in the hospital and receive the same pay and working hours. This is a better decision than terminating the nurse. After reviewing the options, this was the best solution for Community Medical Center in continuing their reputation for the patients and residents in the area. This decision could have a downfall, but I think with that the team made a best decision for this issue. If the members decided to not make any changes with the nurse, the hospital would have lost millions of dollars, many effective employees who made a difference in the community. The President and the members made a decision and not every decision is the most desirable, but a group decision is better than one decision. It takes effective communication, problem solving, and working in a team to come up with the best resolution. This case study showed how to have effective communication within an organization. It takes a team to work together and utilize the decision making models. The staff needs to problem solve effectively, even if there is only a limited amount of time. The President needs to have clear communication, and have the ability in being an active listener. The decisions that are made by team may not always be correct, but there are better resolutions as a group than making decisions just from the President. When a President has a vision and a mission statement, a company has a clear path and the employees will have a better understanding of the direction for the organization. A mission statement is a great way to clarify the intentions of a company. References Johnson, J. (2009). Health organizations: Theories, behavior, and development. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. Kauffeld S, Lehmann-Willenbrock N. Meetings Matter: Effects of Team Meetings on Team and Organizational Success. Small Group Research [serial online]. April 2012;43(2):130-158. Available from: Business Source Elite, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 2, 2013. What’s your advice for communicating in a crisis? (2010). Communication World, 27(4), 13-13. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/519657390? accountid=32521 How to cite Decision Making, Papers

President Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal free essay sample

The White House, which pinned Nixon for his Involvement and reasons for the break- in. Almost certain he would be impeached; Nixon resigned on August 8th, 1974. At Onions resignation press conference, he stated that he would resign the next day to begin, that process of healing which Is so desperately needed In America. (Herbert, Nixon Resigns) The Watergate Scandal led to the controversy that led to Onions resignation. Nixon was worried about the outcome of the upcoming election, so he devised a plan to better his chances of victory.The plan was to obtain papers closing information about his opponent from The National Democratic Committee at the Watergate Hotel. Five men were arrested at the scene of the crime for breaking, entering, and stealing. The FBI connected the men to the White House, which in turn connected Nixon to the scandal. It was later discovered that President Nixon recorded all conversations throughout the White House and Oval Office. We will write a custom essay sample on President Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These tapes linked Nixon to the burglary and provided evidence for his impeachment. Although Nixon wasnt in fact impeached, he would have been impeached for three seasons.Making false or misleading statements to lawfully authorized investigative officers and employees of the United States; 2. Withholding relevant and material evidence or Information from lawfully authorized investigative officers and employees of the united States; 3. Approving, condoning, acquiescing in, and counseling witnesses with respect to the giving of false or misleading statements to lawfully authorized testimony in duly instituted Judicial and congressional proceedings; 4.Interfering or endeavoring to interfere with the conduct of investigations by the Department of Justice of the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the office of Watergate Special Prosecution Force, and Congressional Committees; 5. Approving, condoning, and acquiescing in, the surreptitious payment of substantial sums of mo ney for the purpose of obtaining the silence or influencing the testimony of witnesses, potential witnesses or individuals who participated in such unlawful entry and other illegal activities; 6. Endeavoring to misuse the Central Intelligence Agency, an agency of the United States; 7. Disseminating information received from officers f the Department of Justice of the United States to subjects of investigations conducted by lawfully authorized investigative officers and employees of the United States, for the purpose of aiding and assisting such subjects in their attempts to avoid criminal liability; 8.Making or causing to be made false or misleading public statements for the purpose of deceiving the people of the United States into believing that a thorough and complete investigation had been conducted with respect to allegations of misconduct on the part of personnel of the executive branch f the United States and personnel of the Committee for the Re-election of the President, and that there was no involvement of such personnel in such misconduct: or endeavoring to cause prospective defendants, and individuals duly tried and convicted, to expect favored treatment and consid eration in return for their silence or false testimony, or rewarding individuals for their silence or false testimony. Farnsworth, Articles of Impeachment) The second article of impeachment accuses Nixon, He has failed to take care that the laws were faithfully executed by failing to CT when he knew or had reason to know that his close subordinates endeavored to impede and frustrate lawful inquiries by duly constituted executive, Judicial and legislative entities concerning the unlawful entry into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, and the cover-up thereof, and concerning other unlawful activities including those relating to the confirmation of Richard Slinkiest as Attorney General of the United States, the electronic surveillance of private citizens, the break-in into the offices of Dry. Lewis Fielding, and the campaign managing practices of the Committee to Re-elect the President. (Farnsworth, Articles of Impeachment) This states that due to this break-in and the methods of cover- up used by Nixon, he deserves to be removed from office for being unlawful. By covering up this scandal and claiming he wasnt involved, Nixon lied to the people and broke his trust and therefore needs to be removed from office. Now in the third article, Nixon was accused of, has failed without lawful cause or excuse to produce papers and things as directed by duly authorized subpoenas issued by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives on April 1 1, 1974, May 15, 1974, May 30, 1974, and June 24, 1974, and willfully disobeyed such subpoenas. The subpoenaed papers and things were deemed necessary by the Committee in order to resolve by direct evidence fundamental, factual questions relating to Presidential direction, knowledge or approval of actions demonstrated by other evidence to be substantial grounds for impeachment of the President. In refusing to produce these papers and things Richard M.